HOW-TO: CATTLE RAISING

Cattle fattening has gained prominence as an important business project of the livestock industry in the Philippines. It gives farmers year-round work and provides them with extra income. They can make use of cheap, plentiful farm byproducts—such as corn stovers, rice straw, copra meal, rice bran, and sugarcane tops—which ordinarily go to waste. More importantly, it helps meet the urgent demand for high-protein food in the Filipino diet.

Backyard cattle fattening on a large scale can be profitably undertaken. It consists of buying healthy stock, feeding and fattening them for 120 to 180 days, and selling them at any time of the year. Minimum space for housing is required: 1.5 to 2 square meters per head for a sheltered feeding area, and 5 meters per head for a fenced loafing area.

Given proper care, there is less danger of diseases and parasites affecting confined animals, and the fattening period is shorter. Marbling or intermixture of fat and lean in meat is better obtained through feedlot fattening. This is preferred by customers.

Selecting Feeder Stock

To make profit and produce good meat, consider the following points:

1. Age – Two- to three year-old animals need less feed for every unit of weight gain because they digest more efficiently and consume a larger volume of feed in proportion to body weight.
   Younger animals cost less because of lower weight. They require a longer period of feeding and higher feed quality to reach the desired finish weight. (http://35.221.144.152/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/33-1.bmp)
   Older feeder stock (4 years and above) need less time in the feedlot and will eat a wider variety of feed and roughage than young stock. If nutritious feed is abundant, younger cattle are generally more economical to fatten. If roughage and plant byproducts are available, older stocks are preferable.

2. Sex – Steers (castrated males) are preferred to heifers (unbred females) because they are readily available and easier to manage. Steers also gain weight and grow faster than heifers.

3. ***Breed ***– Improved breeds and crossbreds gain weight faster than native animals. Tropical breeds are more adaptable to local climatic and feed conditions than temperate breeds. Some of the recommended tropical breeds are:

   a. Brahman – Color is silver gray, some are reddish. This breed is resistant to diseases and can withstand heat better.
   b. Ongole or Nellore – Color is white. The bulls may have dark gray heads, necks, and humps. Knees may be black.
   c. Indu-Brazil – Colors vary from light to silver gray and brownish dark gray to red.
   d. Batangas cattle – This is not really a distinct breed of cattle in the Philippines. Cattle fattened in Batangas come from Mindoro, Masbate, and other provinces. The term “Batangas beef” has become popular because ofthe good quality cattle produced by the “supak” method of Batangas.

4. Health condition – A healthy animal is alert and active, has bright eyes, a smooth haircoat, and a moist muzzle. Avoid animals with rough skin and those which are blind and lame. Make sure that the animals have been properly vaccinated against common diseases before bringing them to the feedlot.

When to Buy Stock

Feeder stock usually comes cheap during the dry season (January to April). Country roads are more accessible during these months, making it easy to transport animals from ranch or auction markets to the farm.

Cattle Nutrition

Feed is a key to profitable cattle raising. Cattle need food nutrients for maintenance, growth, and production. Animal raisers must formulate feeds based on their animals’ sex, age, weight gain desired, and the moisture content of available roughage and feeds.

The feed ration should be adjusted to the requirement for fattening cattle based on the availability of feed materials in the locality. Cattle can be fattened on all roughage rations or on a roughage-concentrate ration. Give a good quality grass-legume mixture in the form of pasture herbage. It is best to restrict animal movement at all times, so that it uses less energy and gains weight quickly.

The moisture content of feed is important. There is maximum dry matter intake if the ration has only about 34% moisture content. Cattle become fatter during summer eating dry grass than during the rainy season, when the animals are allowed to eat large amounts of young, fresh grass. Cattle will consume feed at a rate of about 2.5 percent of its body weight.

The animals need the following nutrients:
a. Dry matter that satisfies the animals’ appetite and promotes good digestion;
b. Protein in amounts based on age, sex, body weight, and desired productivity;
c. Energy from carbohydrates, fats and excess protein;
d. Essential minerals like salt, calcium and phosphorus. Salt intake increases the water intake of the animals. The daily intake should be about 0.045 kg per 45.45 kg of body weight.
e. Vitamins A, D, and E; and
f. Water is a most important nutrient. Its intake by cattle depends on the temperature, humidity, moisture content of the roughage, dry, or wet feeding, and salt content of feed nutrients.

To estimate the daily feed requirement, young fatteners consume about 3 percent of their body weight in air-dry feed. A fresh grass has about 75% moisture content. Therefore, a 250 kgs. feeder cattle will require 7.5 kgs. of grass with a 12-14% moisture. However, given fresh grass it requires 35 kgs.

Roughage-concentrate ration is the combination of forage or farm byproducts and concentrates. Some common concentrates are rice bran, copra meal, ipil-ipil leafmeal and corn byproducts, including meat and bone meal and salt. The farm byproducts could be utilized as concentrate mixtures an given to cattle at least twice a day.

Recommended concentrate mixtures used for cattle fattening:

Utilization of Farm Byproducts to Cattle Feed

1. Rice straw – Chopped rice straw can be fed to growing fattening cattle up to 40% of the total ration. If baled or stacked and adequately protected from weather, rice straw can be used as additional source of energy anytime of the year when feed supply is short. It contains 3-4% protein, 0.04-0.08% phosphorus and 0.20-0.30% calcium.

2. Corncobs – (without kernels) can be coarsely ground and fed to cattle up to 45% of total ration. It contains 45% total digestible nutrients and 3% crude protein. Although containing higher crude fiber levels, it is more digestible than rice straw.

Housing

Proper housing is important in successful cattle fattening operations. Adequately protect animals against the adverse effects of weather when they are raised in relatively small areas.

Animals in backyard cattle farms are usually tethered along roadsides and in backyards during the day and confined in a shed or corral at night. The permanent type of housing consisting of GI roofing, timber frames, a concrete floor, and feed and water troughs are used in most farms. The shelter is open-sided and is located near the farmer’s house or under the shade trees.

Building height ranges from 1.7 to 1.9 meters while the width varies from 2.1 to 2.7 meters. Each animal can be allocated with 1.5 to 4.5 sq. meters. The plan of the cattle shed is presented in Figure 1.

Marketing of Fattened Cattle

Six months after the date of purchase, fattened cattle should weigh approximately 275 to 325 kilograms and be ready for market.

Properly handle animals during transport to the market to prevent serious injury or even death. See to it that animals are safely loaded. Avoid steep ramps. Do not lift animals bodily into the truck. A gradually sloping ramp with side railings is advisable. To ensure better footing, see to it that animals do not slip and fall during transport. Provide adequate rice straw or rice hull beddings. Remove all protruding objects such as nails and splinters from trucks. Also, check for cracked or missing boards that may injure the animals.

Overloading and underloading of trucks can cause rippling and bruising of animals. Load them quietly and gently. Pushing or hitting them with sticks may cause stress, resulting in weight loss and lower profits. It is better to transport animals in the evening if trucks are not covered or are without a roof.

The market for beef cattle is classified into three groups: consumers, processors and institutional buyers. The last group include hotels, restaurants, burger joints, fastfood chains, cafeterias, supermarkets and hospitals.

https://www.agriculture.com.ph/2019/01/13/how-to-cattle-raising/